Durante el inicio de la pandemia y tras las fases de confinamiento, muchas personas se han dirigido al personal médico preguntando cuáles eran los factores de riesgo para contraer la infección por coronavirus. Muchos pacientes hipertensos, diabéticos, con problemas respiratorios o cardiológicos nos han demandado información al respecto. Este post es interesante porque basándose en una revisión de las evidencias disponibles hasta la fecha, el Centro para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades de EEUU (CDC) ha publicado (25/06/2020) una actualización sobre cuáles son los posibles factores de riesgo para contraer una forma grave de COVID-19. Todos estamos en riesgo de contraer esta enfermedad, pero debemos ser conscientes de saber quién es más susceptible a padecer complicaciones graves en caso de sufrir la infección.
Hay que resaltar que los adultos mayores y las personas que padecen problemas médicos subyacentes siguen teniendo un mayor riesgo de enfermedad grave por coronavirus, pero ahora el CDC ha definido con más detalle los riesgos relacionados con la edad y la afección.
El CDC ha eliminado el umbral de edad específico de la clasificación de adultos mayores, y ahora advierte que, entre los adultos, el riesgo aumenta de manera constante a medida que se envejece, y no son sólo los mayores de 65 años quienes tienen un mayor riesgo de enfermedad grave. El CDC ha enumerado las condiciones específicas que aumentan el riesgo a tener mayores complicaciones graves en caso de padecer la COVID-19:
- Enfermedad renal crónica.
- EPOC (Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica).
- Obesidad (Índice de masa corporal ≥ 30).
- Estado inmunocomprometido (sistema inmunitario debilitado) en pacientes con trasplante de órganos.
- Enfermedades cardíacas graves, como insuficiencia cardíaca, coronariopatía o miocardiopatías.
- Anemia drepanocítica (enfermedad de células falciformes).
- Diabetes tipo 2.
Estos cambios realizados en esta actualización aumentan considerablemente el número de personas que quedaría englobado en los grupos de mayor riesgo, ya que por ejemplo en EE. UU. el 60% de la población tiene una afección médica crónica y el 40% de los adultos estadounidenses tienen obesidad. Así pues, cuantos más problemas médicos tenga una persona, mayor será su riesgo.
De acuerdo con lo que se conoce hasta el momento, las personas con las siguientes afecciones también podrían tener un mayor riesgo de enfermarse gravemente a causa del COVID-19:
- Asma (moderado a grave).
- Enfermedad cerebrovascular.
- Fibrosis quística.
- Hipertensión arterial.
- Personas inmunodeprimidas (sistema inmunitario debilitado) a causa de un trasplante de médula ósea, deficiencias inmunitarias, VIH, uso de corticoides y otros medicamentos que debilitan el sistema inmunitario.
- Afecciones neurológicas, como la demencia.
- Enfermedad hepática.
- Fibrosis pulmonar.
- Embarazo.
- Fumadores.
- Talasemia.
- Diabetes mellitus tipo 1.
Mención a parte debemos hacer de las mujeres embarazadas, ya que datos recientes indican que son significativamente más propensas a ser hospitalizadas, ingresadas en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y recibir ventilación mecánica que las mujeres no embarazadas; sin embargo, las mujeres embarazadas NO presentan mayor riesgo de muerte por COVID-19.
Finalmente, el CDC insiste en la recomendación de protegerse a uno mismo, a su familia y a su comunidad. Cualquier actividad que realicemos involucra contacto con otros, y eso supone cierto grado de riesgo en este difícil momento que nos está tocando vivir. Debemos saber que podemos hacer y comprender los riesgos asociados con las diferentes actividades de la vida diaria y qué contacto vamos a tener con personas de mayor riesgo.
El punto esencial en este momento es el de implementar ESTRATEGIAS DE PREVENCION:
- Realizar actividades donde se pueda mantener el distanciamiento social.
- Lavarse las manos con frecuencia.
- Limitar el contacto.
- Desinfectar superficies comúnmente tocadas o artículos compartidos
- Usar mascarilla (también conocida en otros países como barbijo, cubreboca o tapaboca) cuando esté cerca de personas con las que no vive, especialmente cuando es difícil mantenerse a 1-2 metros de distancia o cuando estamos en un reciento interior.
Tal y como dice el comunicado, si seguimos estos consejos, podemos ayudar a protegernos a nosotros mismos, a nuestros seres queridos y a los que nos rodean, incluidos los más vulnerables a enfermedades graves.
Referencia
CDC updates, expands list of people at risk of severe COVID-19 illness. Thursday, June 25, 2020
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