En el momento actual el cannabis es la sustancia ilícita más consumida en el mundo. Se calcula que hay más de 180 millones de consumidores en el mundo, y esta cifra va en aumento, y la decisión de algunos países de legalizar su consumo va a provocar un aumento de esta tendencia, tal y como se ha demostrado en Canadá (legalizada en octubre de 2018).
El cannabis se está empleando actualmente para obtener alivio de síntomas en casos de dolor crónico, ansiedad y náuseas, pero su empleo más habitual es por otros motivos bien diferentes, en búsqueda de efectos psicoactivos. Por ello es importante analizar cuál es el impacto cardiovascular en el consumo de cannabis, que aquí vamos a resumir:
- El consumo de cannabis aumenta la presión arterial (hipertensión).
- Se ha comprobado que aumenta la incidencia de arritmias cardíacas.
- Mayor riesgo de problemas coronarios, sobre todo si hay placas ateroscleróticas previas, en el momento del consumo, por acción vasoconstrictora potente.
- En pacientes jóvenes y sanos, aumenta el riesgo de sufrir un accidente cerebrovascular isquémico.
Estos efectos nocivos están en relación con el humo del cigarrillo, lo que significa que fumar cannabis exacerba los efectos negativos de la droga.
Aquí no debemos olvidar los efectos nocivos sobre la esfera psiconeurológica (psicosis, esquizofrenia, falta de atención y deterioro de memoria, depresión, ansiedad,…), que están provocando serios problemas.
Por otra parte, también se ha descubierto que el cannabidiol (CBD), un componente de la planta de cannabis, tiene efectos beneficiosos en ciertos trastornos como la diabetes y el cáncer, por su posible efecto vasorelajante, reduciendo el daño vascular y la inflamación. Asímismo podría tener un mecanismo antioxidante con un probable efecto positivo sobre el sistema inmunitario.
Así pues, está demostrado un efecto nocivo sobre el sistema cardiovascular (problemas coronarios, hipertensivos, arrítmicos, accidentes cerebrovasculares), por el consumo de cannabis fumado, que no debe mezclarse con el interés en el CBD y sus derivados.
Referencias
- Goyal H, Awad HH, Ghali JK. Role of cannabis in cardiovascular disorders. J Thorac Dis. 2017.9(7):2079-2092.
- Harvard Health Publishing. 2017. Marijuana and heart health: What you need to know.
- Rubino T, Zamberletti E, Parolaro D. Adolescent exposure to cannabis as a risk factor to psychiatric disorders. J Psychopharmacol. 2012; 26(1):177-188.
- Stanley CP, Hind WH, O’Sullivan SE. Is the cardiovascular system a therapeutic target for cannabidiol?. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012. 75(2):313-22.
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